How do you find what features are installed and configured after SQL Server 2016 installation?

The best way to find what features are installed when you installed SQL Server 2016 is to run a discovery report. The discover report table has the following columns:

Product
Instance
Instance ID
Feature
Language
Edition Type
Version
Clustered or not
Configured or not

How do you run a discovery report?

You can use the command line tool to run the report.
Run the following from command line prompt:

C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Setup Bootstrap\SQLServer2016>setup.exe /action=RunDiscovery

This generates the discovery report and places it in the log folder.

C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Setup Bootstrap\Log

This generates the report (an htm file) in the following directory:
C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\130\Setup Bootstrap\Log\20170304_105325>

Where 20170304_105325 is the last session (or the session for running the discovery)

 You may now go to the above directory and open the htm file in your usual browser (the whole screen is not shown).