How do you use the command line program cURL?

cURL is an opensource URL client. You can look up the manual for cURL with the following:
------------
C:\>curl --help
Usage: curl [options...]
     --abstract-unix-socket Connect via abstract Unix domain socket
     --anyauth       Pick any authentication method
 -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading
     --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication
     --cacert CA certificate to verify peer against
     --capath   CA directory to verify peer against
 -E, --cert Client certificate file and password
     --cert-status   Verify the status of the server certificate
     --cert-type Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG)
     --ciphers SSL ciphers to use
     --compressed    Request compressed response
 -K, --config Read config from a file
     --connect-timeout Maximum time allowed for connection
     --connect-to Connect to host
 -C, --continue-at Resumed transfer offset
 -b, --cookie Send cookies from string/file
 -c, --cookie-jar Write cookies to after operation
     --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy
     --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload
     --crlfile Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
 -d, --data    HTTP POST data
     --data-ascii HTTP POST ASCII data
     --data-binary HTTP POST binary data
     --data-raw HTTP POST data, '@' allowed
     --data-urlencode HTTP POST data url encoded
     --delegation GSS-API delegation permission
     --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication
 -q, --disable       Disable .curlrc
     --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT
     --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV
     --dns-interface Interface to use for DNS requests
     --dns-ipv4-addr

IPv4 address to use for DNS requests

     --dns-ipv6-addr

IPv6 address to use for DNS requests

     --dns-servers DNS server addrs to use
 -D, --dump-header Write the received headers to
     --egd-file EGD socket path for random data
     --engine Crypto engine to use
     --expect100-timeout How long to wait for 100-continue
 -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors
     --fail-early    Fail on first transfer error, do not continue
     --false-start   Enable TLS False Start
 -F, --form Specify HTTP multipart POST data
     --form-string Specify HTTP multipart POST data
     --ftp-account Account data string
     --ftp-alternative-to-user String to replace USER [name]
     --ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present
     --ftp-method Control CWD usage
     --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT
 -P, --ftp-port

Use PORT instead of PASV

     --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV
     --ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV
     --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating
     --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode Set CCC mode
     --ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for FTP login, clear for transfer
 -G, --get           Put the post data in the URL and use GET
 -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
 -I, --head          Show document info only
 -H, --header

Pass custom header(s) to server

 -h, --help          This help text
     --hostpubmd5 Acceptable MD5 hash of the host public key
 -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0
     --http1.1       Use HTTP 1.1
     --http2         Use HTTP 2
     --http2-prior-knowledge Use HTTP 2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade
     --ignore-content-length Ignore the size of the remote resource
 -i, --include       Include protocol response headers in the output
 -k, --insecure      Allow insecure server connections when using SSL
     --interface Use network INTERFACE (or address)
 -4, --ipv4          Resolve names to IPv4 addresses
 -6, --ipv6          Resolve names to IPv6 addresses
 -j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file
     --keepalive-time Interval time for keepalive probes
     --key      Private key file name
     --key-type Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG)
     --krb    Enable Kerberos with security
     --libcurl Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
     --limit-rate Limit transfer speed to RATE
 -l, --list-only     List only mode
     --local-port Force use of RANGE for local port numbers
 -L, --location      Follow redirects
     --location-trusted Like --location, and send auth to other hosts
     --login-options Server login options
     --mail-auth

Originator address of the original email

     --mail-from

Mail from this address

     --mail-rcpt

Mail from this address

 -M, --manual        Display the full manual
     --max-filesize Maximum file size to download
     --max-redirs Maximum number of redirects allowed
 -m, --max-time Maximum time allowed for the transfer
     --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file
     --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication
 -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password
     --netrc-file Specify FILE for netrc
     --netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL
 -:, --next          Make next URL use its separate set of options
     --no-alpn       Disable the ALPN TLS extension
 -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream
     --no-keepalive  Disable TCP keepalive on the connection
     --no-npn        Disable the NPN TLS extension
     --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing
     --noproxy List of hosts which do not use proxy
     --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication
     --ntlm-wb       Use HTTP NTLM authentication with winbind
     --oauth2-bearer OAuth 2 Bearer Token
 -o, --output Write to file instead of stdout
     --pass Pass phrase for the private key
     --path-as-is    Do not squash .. sequences in URL path
     --pinnedpubkey FILE/HASHES Public key to verify peer against
     --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301
     --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302
     --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303
     --preproxy [protocol://]host[:port] Use this proxy first
 -#, --progress-bar  Display transfer progress as a bar
     --proto Enable/disable PROTOCOLS
     --proto-default Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a scheme
     --proto-redir Enable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect
 -x, --proxy [protocol://]host[:port] Use this proxy
     --proxy-anyauth Pick any proxy authentication method
     --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy
     --proxy-cacert CA certificate to verify peer against for proxy
     --proxy-capath CA directory to verify peer against for proxy
     --proxy-cert Set client certificate for proxy
     --proxy-cert-type Client certificate type for HTTS proxy
     --proxy-ciphers SSL ciphers to use for proxy
     --proxy-crlfile Set a CRL list for proxy
     --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy
     --proxy-header

Pass custom header(s) to proxy

     --proxy-insecure Do HTTPS proxy connections without verifying the proxy
     --proxy-key Private key for HTTPS proxy
     --proxy-key-type Private key file type for proxy
     --proxy-negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication on the proxy
     --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy
     --proxy-pass Pass phrase for the private key for HTTPS proxy
     --proxy-service-name SPNEGO proxy service name
     --proxy-ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw for interop for HTTPS proxy
     --proxy-tlsauthtype TLS authentication type for HTTPS proxy
     --proxy-tlspassword TLS password for HTTPS proxy
     --proxy-tlsuser TLS username for HTTPS proxy
     --proxy-tlsv1   Use TLSv1 for HTTPS proxy
 -U, --proxy-user Proxy user and password
     --proxy1.0 Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
 -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
     --pubkey   SSH Public key file name
 -Q, --quote         Send command(s) to server before transfer
     --random-file File for reading random data from
 -r, --range Retrieve only the bytes within RANGE
     --raw           Do HTTP "raw"; no transfer decoding
 -e, --referer Referrer URL
 -J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename
 -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file
     --remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs
 -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output
 -X, --request Specify request command to use
     --request-target Specify the target for this request
     --resolve Resolve the host+port to this address
     --retry    Retry request if transient problems occur
     --retry-connrefused Retry on connection refused (use with --retry)
     --retry-delay Wait time between retries
     --retry-max-time Retry only within this period
     --sasl-ir       Enable initial response in SASL authentication
     --service-name SPNEGO service name
 -S, --show-error    Show error even when -s is used
 -s, --silent        Silent mode
     --socks4 SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
     --socks4a SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
     --socks5 SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
     --socks5-basic  Enable username/password auth for SOCKS5 proxies
     --socks5-gssapi Enable GSS-API auth for SOCKS5 proxies
     --socks5-gssapi-nec Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
     --socks5-gssapi-service SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API
     --socks5-hostname SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
 -Y, --speed-limit Stop transfers slower than this
 -y, --speed-time Trigger 'speed-limit' abort after this time
     --ssl           Try SSL/TLS
     --ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop
     --ssl-no-revoke Disable cert revocation checks (WinSSL)
     --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS
 -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2
 -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3
     --stderr        Where to redirect stderr
     --suppress-connect-headers Suppress proxy CONNECT response headers
     --tcp-fastopen  Use TCP Fast Open
     --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option
 -t, --telnet-option Set telnet option
     --tftp-blksize Set TFTP BLKSIZE option
     --tftp-no-options Do not send any TFTP options
 -z, --time-cond Transfer based on a time condition
     --tls-max Use TLSv1.0 or greater
     --tlsauthtype TLS authentication type
     --tlspassword   TLS password
     --tlsuser TLS user name
 -1, --tlsv1         Use TLSv1.0 or greater
     --tlsv1.0       Use TLSv1.0
     --tlsv1.1       Use TLSv1.1
     --tlsv1.2       Use TLSv1.2
     --tlsv1.3       Use TLSv1.3
     --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding
     --trace   Write a debug trace to FILE
     --trace-ascii Like --trace, but without hex output
     --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
     --unix-socket Connect through this Unix domain socket
 -T, --upload-file Transfer local FILE to destination
     --url      URL to work with
 -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer
 -u, --user Server user and password
 -A, --user-agent Send User-Agent to server
 -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative
 -V, --version       Show version number and quit
 -w, --write-out Use output FORMAT after completion
     --xattr         Store metadata in extended file attributes

This is what I have on my IIS site, localhost

You can get a taste for cURL  using the GET command. The response you get is the HTML file for the localhost

Get.png

You can get the header information using the switch -i as shown (the image only shows the header but the above HTML is also in the response):

Getwithi.png

What is LoRaWan protocol?

LoRaWan is a long range RF protocol that helps connect 'things' (IoT) to the Internet over a long range. It's main advantages are:

• It is Open Source and not tied to a vendor

• It is battery efficient-very low power consumption

• It is long range.

Battery life is something like 5 years(Wow!). It is Open Standard and uses the unlicensed spectrum as part of the Industrial, Scientific and Medical(ISM) RF band (868 MHz). In US the 925 MHz is used. The Open Standard is governed by the LoRa alliance, an Industry group with 500 or more members (Microchip, Cisco, Softbank, etc).

There is a round the world following for this technology including Comcast, Orange, SK Telecom, etc.

Download LoRa specs from here:

https://www.lora-alliance.org/Contact/RequestSpecificationForm.aspx